Reported speech

Reported speech
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• If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no change in the tense of the verb in the Indirect speech.
  James says, “I eat an apple”. (D.S.)
  James says that he eats an apple”. (I.S.)
• If Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense. the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or Indirect Speech must be generally changed.

1. Present Tense in the Direct becomes past tense.
Present tense:  Ahmed said, “I write a letter”. (D.S)
past tense: Ahmed said that he wrote a letter. (I.S)

2. Past Tense in the direct becomes past perfect.

 Rachid said, “I bought a pen yesterday”. (D.S)
Rachid said that she had bought a pen the day before. (I.S)

3. Present Continuous in the direct becomes past continuous.
Jamal said, “I am going to school”. (D.S)
Jamal said that he was going to school. (I.S)

4. Past Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
Farid said, “I was playing chess with my friend”. (D.S)
Farid said that he had been playing chess with his friend. (I.S)

5. Present Perfect in the direct becomes past perfect.
Kamal said, “I have finished my home work”. (D.S)
kamal said that he had finished his home work. (I.S)

6. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
He said, “I have been writing a short story”. (D.S)
He said that he had been writing a short story. (I.S)

7. ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’.
He said, “I will go to Fes tomorrow”. (D.S)
He said that he would go to Fes the next day. (I.S)

8. Modals in reported speech :

Direct speech	Indirect speech
can could may might will would must have to shall should	could could  might might would would must/had to had to should should

Farid said, “I must go now”. (D.S)
Farid said that she must (or) had to go then. (I.S)

9. Epressions of time and place in reported speech:

Direct Speech		-		Indirect Speech
now		-		then
here		-		there
this		-		that
these		-		those
ago		-		before
thus		-		so
to-day		-		that day
to-night		-		that night
yesterday		-		the day before (or) the previous day
tomorrow		-		the next day (or) the following day
last week		-		the week before
next week		-		the week after EXERCISES